{"schemaVersion":3,"id":"CVE-2016-4438","aliases":["GHSA-4prj-vw9j-v6pr"],"status":"published","duplicateOf":null,"title":null,"description":"The REST plugin in Apache Struts 2 2.3.19 through 2.3.28.1 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted expression.","dates":{"published":"2016-07-04T22:00:00.000Z","modified":"2024-08-06T00:32:24.621Z","reserved":null,"kevAdded":[],"kevDue":[]},"cvss":{"headline":{"score":9.8,"severity":"critical","version":"3.0","versionLabel":"v3.0","source":"NVD","vector":"CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","computed":false,"selection":"backend-summary"},"metrics":[{"version":"3.0","versionLabel":"v3.0","source":"NVD","score":9.8,"severity":"critical","vector":"CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","exploitability":null,"impact":null,"computed":false},{"version":"2.0","versionLabel":"v2.0","source":"NVD","score":7.5,"severity":"high","vector":"AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:P","exploitability":null,"impact":null,"computed":false},{"version":"3.0","versionLabel":"v3.0","source":"OSV · Maven","score":9.8,"severity":"critical","vector":"CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","exploitability":10,"impact":9.8,"computed":true}]},"epss":{"probability":0.16742,"percentile":0.97006,"severity":"medium","asOf":"2026-10-18T00:00:00.000Z","change":{"pp":0,"baselineDate":"2026-09-18T00:00:00.000Z","baselineScore":0.16742},"history":[{"date":"2026-09-14T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-15T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-16T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-17T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-18T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-19T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-20T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-21T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.17133,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-22T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-23T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-24T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-25T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-26T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-27T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-28T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-29T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-30T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-01T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-02T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-03T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-04T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-05T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-06T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-07T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-08T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-09T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-10T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-11T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-12T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-13T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-14T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-15T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-16T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-17T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-18T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":0.97006}],"last30":[{"date":"2026-09-18T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-19T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-20T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-21T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.17133,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-22T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-23T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-24T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-25T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-26T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-27T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-28T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-29T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-30T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-01T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-02T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-03T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-04T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-05T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-06T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-07T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-08T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-09T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-10T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-11T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-12T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-13T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-14T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-15T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-16T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-17T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-18T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.16742,"percentile":0.97006}]},"kev":{"state":"not-listed","entries":[],"listedCount":0,"totalCatalogs":3,"catalogs":[{"source":"cisa","label":"CISA","listed":false,"entry":null},{"source":"enisa","label":"ENISA","listed":false,"entry":null},{"source":"circl","label":"CIRCL","listed":false,"entry":null}]},"ransomware":{"state":"none-recorded","sources":[]},"exploits":[],"exploitCount":0,"weaknesses":[{"id":"CWE-20","name":"Improper Input Validation","description":"The product receives input or data, but it does\n        not validate or incorrectly validates that the input has the\n        properties that are required to process the data safely and\n        correctly.","type":"weakness","status":"Stable","abstraction":"Class","likelihoodOfExploit":"High","url":"https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/20.html"}],"affected":[{"vendor":"apache","product":"struts","name":"struts","label":"struts","ecosystem":null,"cpePart":"a","purl":null,"purlType":null,"versions":[{"text":"2.3.20","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null},{"text":"2.3.20.1","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null},{"text":"2.3.20.3","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null},{"text":"2.3.24","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null},{"text":"2.3.24.1","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null},{"text":"2.3.24.3","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null},{"text":"2.3.28","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null}],"versionsText":"2.3.20 | 2.3.20.1 | 2.3.20.3 | 2.3.24 | 2.3.24.1 | 2.3.24.3 | 2.3.28","eol":{"isEol":true,"eolDate":"2019-05-14T00:00:00.000Z","matchMethod":"cpe","cycle":{"name":"2.3","label":"2.3","eolFrom":"2019-05-14T00:00:00.000Z","isLts":false,"isMaintained":true,"latestVersion":"2.3.37"},"product":{"name":"apache-struts","label":"Apache Struts","category":"framework"}},"hubHref":"/vendor/apache/struts"},{"vendor":"org.apache.struts","product":"struts2-core","name":"org.apache.struts:struts2-core","label":"struts2-core","ecosystem":"Maven","cpePart":null,"purl":"pkg:maven/org.apache.struts/struts2-core","purlType":"maven","versions":[{"text":"≥ 2.3.19, < 2.3.29","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null}],"versionsText":"≥ 2.3.19, < 2.3.29","eol":null,"hubHref":null},{"vendor":"org.apache.struts","product":"struts2-rest-plugin","name":"org.apache.struts:struts2-rest-plugin","label":"struts2-rest-plugin","ecosystem":"Maven","cpePart":null,"purl":"pkg:maven/org.apache.struts/struts2-rest-plugin","purlType":"maven","versions":[{"text":"≥ 2.3.19, < 2.3.29","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null}],"versionsText":"≥ 2.3.19, < 2.3.29","eol":null,"hubHref":null}],"affectedCount":3,"eol":{"hasEol":true,"count":1},"references":[{"url":"https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1348238","label":"bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1348238","hostname":"bugzilla.redhat.com","tags":["X Refsource CONFIRM","Issue Tracking","Third Party Advisory","VDB Entry","WEB"]},{"url":"http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/91275","label":"www.securityfocus.com/bid/91275","hostname":"www.securityfocus.com","tags":["VDB Entry","X Refsource BID","Third Party Advisory"]},{"url":"https://struts.apache.org/docs/s2-037.html","label":"struts.apache.org/docs/s2-037.html","hostname":"struts.apache.org","tags":["X Refsource CONFIRM","Vendor Advisory","WEB"]},{"url":"http://jvndb.jvn.jp/jvndb/JVNDB-2016-000110","label":"jvndb.jvn.jp/jvndb/JVNDB-2016-000110","hostname":"jvndb.jvn.jp","tags":["Third Party Advisory","X Refsource JVNDB","VDB Entry","Vendor Advisory","WEB"]},{"url":"http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/security-advisory/cpujul2017-3236622.html","label":"www.oracle.com/technetwork/security-advisory/cpujul2017-3236622.html","hostname":"www.oracle.com","tags":["X Refsource CONFIRM"]},{"url":"http://jvn.jp/en/jp/JVN07710476/index.html","label":"jvn.jp/en/jp/JVN07710476/index.html","hostname":"jvn.jp","tags":["Third Party Advisory","X Refsource JVN","Vendor Advisory","WEB"]},{"url":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-4438","label":"nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-4438","hostname":"nvd.nist.gov","tags":["Advisory"]},{"url":"https://github.com/apache/struts/commit/6d7ac40dcede1793a4534a3dc249fd562d495e8c","label":"github.com/apache/struts/commit/6d7ac40dcede1793a4534a3dc249fd562d495e8c","hostname":"github.com","tags":["WEB"]},{"url":"https://github.com/apache/struts/commit/76eb8f38a33ad0f1f48464ee1311559c8d52dd6d","label":"github.com/apache/struts/commit/76eb8f38a33ad0f1f48464ee1311559c8d52dd6d","hostname":"github.com","tags":["WEB"]},{"url":"https://github.com/apache/struts/commit/c9c21378f2fb2ff21355c128c45e106ebd87ad7c","label":"github.com/apache/struts/commit/c9c21378f2fb2ff21355c128c45e106ebd87ad7c","hostname":"github.com","tags":["WEB"]},{"url":"https://github.com/apache/struts/commit/deefeffd11425f0cd0b797cd86a9b3550234262b","label":"github.com/apache/struts/commit/deefeffd11425f0cd0b797cd86a9b3550234262b","hostname":"github.com","tags":["WEB"]},{"url":"https://github.com/apache/struts","label":"github.com/apache/struts","hostname":"github.com","tags":["PACKAGE"]}],"lineage":{"upstream":[],"downstream":[],"duplicates":[],"related":[]},"timeline":[{"kind":"published","date":"2016-07-04T22:00:00.000Z","label":"Published","detail":"Vulnerability first disclosed.","source":null},{"kind":"modified","date":"2024-08-06T00:32:24.621Z","label":"Last modified","detail":"Vulnerability information updated.","source":null}],"risk":{"score":70,"level":"high","profile":"Default","thresholds":{"critical":75,"high":50,"medium":25,"low":10}},"meta":{"dataAsOf":"2026-10-19T05:35:01.289Z","stale":false,"partial":false}}