{"schemaVersion":3,"id":"CVE-2016-4557","aliases":["UBUNTU-CVE-2016-4557","DEBIAN-CVE-2016-4557"],"status":"published","duplicateOf":null,"title":null,"description":"The replace_map_fd_with_map_ptr function in kernel/bpf/verifier.c in the Linux kernel before 4.5.5 does not properly maintain an fd data structure, which allows local users to gain privileges or cause a denial of service (use-after-free) via crafted BPF instructions that reference an incorrect file descriptor.","dates":{"published":"2016-05-23T10:00:00.000Z","modified":"2024-08-06T00:32:25.891Z","reserved":null,"kevAdded":[],"kevDue":[]},"cvss":{"headline":{"score":7.8,"severity":"high","version":"3.1","versionLabel":"v3.1","source":"NVD","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","computed":false,"selection":"backend-summary"},"metrics":[{"version":"3.1","versionLabel":"v3.1","source":"NVD","score":7.8,"severity":"high","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","exploitability":null,"impact":null,"computed":false},{"version":"2.0","versionLabel":"v2.0","source":"NVD","score":7.2,"severity":"high","vector":"AV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C","exploitability":null,"impact":null,"computed":false},{"version":"3.1","versionLabel":"v3.1","source":"OSV · Ubuntu","score":7.8,"severity":"high","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","exploitability":4.6,"impact":9.8,"computed":true},{"version":"3.0","versionLabel":"v3.0","source":"OSV · Ubuntu","score":7.8,"severity":"high","vector":"CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","exploitability":4.6,"impact":9.8,"computed":true},{"version":"3.1","versionLabel":"v3.1","source":"OSV · Debian","score":7.8,"severity":"high","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","exploitability":4.6,"impact":9.8,"computed":true}]},"epss":{"probability":0.10202,"percentile":0.95634,"severity":"medium","asOf":"2026-10-19T00:00:00.000Z","change":{"pp":0,"baselineDate":"2026-09-19T00:00:00.000Z","baselineScore":0.10202},"history":[{"date":"2026-09-14T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-15T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-16T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-17T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-18T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-19T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-20T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-21T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-22T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-23T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-24T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-25T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-26T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-27T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-28T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-29T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-30T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-01T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-02T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-03T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-04T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-05T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-06T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-07T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-08T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-09T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-10T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-11T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-12T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-13T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-14T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-15T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-16T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-17T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-18T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-19T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":0.95634}],"last30":[{"date":"2026-09-19T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-20T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-21T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-22T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-23T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-24T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-25T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-26T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-27T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-28T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-29T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-30T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-01T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-02T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-03T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-04T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-05T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-06T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-07T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-08T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-09T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-10T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-11T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-12T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-13T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-14T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-15T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-16T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-17T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-18T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-19T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.10202,"percentile":0.95634}]},"kev":{"state":"not-listed","entries":[],"listedCount":0,"totalCatalogs":3,"catalogs":[{"source":"cisa","label":"CISA","listed":false,"entry":null},{"source":"enisa","label":"ENISA","listed":false,"entry":null},{"source":"circl","label":"CIRCL","listed":false,"entry":null}]},"ransomware":{"state":"none-recorded","sources":[]},"exploits":[{"id":"40759","name":"Linux Kernel 4.4 (Ubuntu 16.04) - 'BPF' Local Privilege Escalation (Metasploit)","source":"exploit-database","url":"https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/40759","maturity":"weaponized","reliabilityScore":0.8,"verified":true,"type":"local","platforms":["linux"],"requiresAuth":null,"exploitdb":{"verified":true,"type":"local","platform":"linux","file":"exploits/linux/local/40759.rb","codes":["CVE-2016-4557"]},"metasploit":null},{"id":"39772","name":"Linux Kernel 4.4.x (Ubuntu 16.04) - 'double-fdput()' bpf(BPF_PROG_LOAD) Privilege Escalation","source":"exploit-database","url":"https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/39772","maturity":"weaponized","reliabilityScore":0.8,"verified":true,"type":"local","platforms":["linux"],"requiresAuth":null,"exploitdb":{"verified":true,"type":"local","platform":"linux","file":"exploits/linux/local/39772.txt","codes":["CVE-2016-4557","823603"]},"metasploit":null},{"id":"MSF_EXPLOIT_LINUX_LOCAL_BPF_PRIV_ESC","name":"Linux BPF doubleput UAF Privilege Escalation","source":"metasploit","url":"https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/blob/master/modules/exploit/linux/local/bpf_priv_esc.rb","maturity":"weaponized","reliabilityScore":0.6666666666666666,"verified":true,"type":"remote","platforms":[],"requiresAuth":false,"exploitdb":null,"metasploit":{"fullname":"exploit/linux/local/bpf_priv_esc","rank":"400","rankName":"good","postAuth":false,"check":true,"stability":["unknown-stability"],"sideEffects":["unknown-side-effects"],"reliability":["unknown-reliability"]}}],"exploitCount":3,"weaknesses":[],"affected":[{"vendor":"debian","product":"linux","name":"linux","label":"linux","ecosystem":"Debian","cpePart":null,"purl":"pkg:deb/debian/linux","purlType":"deb","versions":[{"text":"< 4.5.3-1","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null}],"versionsText":"< 4.5.3-1","eol":null,"hubHref":null},{"vendor":"ubuntu","product":"linux","name":"linux","label":"linux","ecosystem":"Ubuntu","cpePart":null,"purl":"pkg:deb/ubuntu/linux","purlType":"deb","versions":[{"text":"< 4.4.0-22.39","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null}],"versionsText":"< 4.4.0-22.39","eol":null,"hubHref":null},{"vendor":"ubuntu","product":"linux-lts-xenial","name":"linux-lts-xenial","label":"linux-lts-xenial","ecosystem":"Ubuntu","cpePart":null,"purl":"pkg:deb/ubuntu/linux-lts-xenial","purlType":"deb","versions":[{"text":"< 4.4.0-22.39~14.04.1","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null}],"versionsText":"< 4.4.0-22.39~14.04.1","eol":null,"hubHref":null},{"vendor":"ubuntu","product":"linux-raspi2","name":"linux-raspi2","label":"linux-raspi2","ecosystem":"Ubuntu","cpePart":null,"purl":"pkg:deb/ubuntu/linux-raspi2","purlType":"deb","versions":[{"text":"< 4.4.0-1010.12","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null}],"versionsText":"< 4.4.0-1010.12","eol":null,"hubHref":null},{"vendor":"ubuntu","product":"linux-snapdragon","name":"linux-snapdragon","label":"linux-snapdragon","ecosystem":"Ubuntu","cpePart":null,"purl":"pkg:deb/ubuntu/linux-snapdragon","purlType":"deb","versions":[{"text":"< 4.4.0-1013.14","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null}],"versionsText":"< 4.4.0-1013.14","eol":null,"hubHref":null},{"vendor":"linux","product":"linux_kernel","name":"linux kernel","label":"linux_kernel","ecosystem":null,"cpePart":"o","purl":null,"purlType":null,"versions":[{"text":"≥ 4.4, < 4.4.11","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null},{"text":"≥ 4.5, < 4.5.5","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null}],"versionsText":"≥ 4.4, < 4.4.11 | ≥ 4.5, < 4.5.5","eol":{"isEol":null,"eolDate":null,"matchMethod":"cpe","cycle":null,"product":{"name":"linux","label":"Linux Kernel","category":"os"}},"hubHref":"/vendor/linux/linux_kernel"}],"affectedCount":6,"eol":{"hasEol":false,"count":0},"references":[{"url":"https://bugs.debian.org/823603","label":"bugs.debian.org/823603","hostname":"bugs.debian.org","tags":["X Refsource CONFIRM","Third Party Advisory"]},{"url":"http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2016-06/msg00044.html","label":"lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2016-06/msg00044.html","hostname":"lists.opensuse.org","tags":["Vendor Advisory","X Refsource SUSE","Mailing List","Third Party Advisory"]},{"url":"https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1334307","label":"bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1334307","hostname":"bugzilla.redhat.com","tags":["X Refsource CONFIRM","Issue Tracking","Third Party Advisory"]},{"url":"https://github.com/torvalds/linux/commit/8358b02bf67d3a5d8a825070e1aa73f25fb2e4c7","label":"github.com/torvalds/linux/commit/8358b02bf67d3a5d8a825070e1aa73f25fb2e4c7","hostname":"github.com","tags":["X Refsource CONFIRM","Vendor Advisory"]},{"url":"http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v4.x/ChangeLog-4.5.5","label":"www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v4.x/ChangeLog-4.5.5","hostname":"www.kernel.org","tags":["X Refsource CONFIRM","Vendor Advisory"]},{"url":"https://bugs.chromium.org/p/project-zero/issues/detail?id=808","label":"bugs.chromium.org/p/project-zero/issues/detail?id=808","hostname":"bugs.chromium.org","tags":["X Refsource MISC","Third Party Advisory","REPORT"]},{"url":"http://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=8358b02bf67d3a5d8a825070e1aa73f25fb2e4c7","label":"git.kernel.org/cgit/…","hostname":"git.kernel.org","tags":["X Refsource CONFIRM","Vendor Advisory"]},{"url":"http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2016/05/06/4","label":"www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2016/05/06/4","hostname":"www.openwall.com","tags":["Mailing List","X Refsource MLIST","Third Party Advisory"]},{"url":"https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/40759/","label":"www.exploit-db.com/exploits/40759/","hostname":"www.exploit-db.com","tags":["Exploit","X Refsource EXPLOIT DB","Third Party Advisory","VDB Entry"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2016-4557","label":"ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2016-4557","hostname":"ubuntu.com","tags":["REPORT"]},{"url":"https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=8358b02bf67d3a5d8a825070e1aa73f25fb2e4c7","label":"git.kernel.org/cgit/…","hostname":"git.kernel.org","tags":["REPORT"]},{"url":"http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2016/05/06/7","label":"www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2016/05/06/7","hostname":"www.openwall.com","tags":["REPORT"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/notices/USN-2965-1","label":"ubuntu.com/security/notices/USN-2965-1","hostname":"ubuntu.com","tags":["Advisory"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/notices/USN-2965-4","label":"ubuntu.com/security/notices/USN-2965-4","hostname":"ubuntu.com","tags":["Advisory"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/notices/USN-2965-3","label":"ubuntu.com/security/notices/USN-2965-3","hostname":"ubuntu.com","tags":["Advisory"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/notices/USN-2965-2","label":"ubuntu.com/security/notices/USN-2965-2","hostname":"ubuntu.com","tags":["Advisory"]},{"url":"https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2016-4557","label":"www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2016-4557","hostname":"www.cve.org","tags":["REPORT"]},{"url":"https://security-tracker.debian.org/tracker/CVE-2016-4557","label":"security-tracker.debian.org/tracker/CVE-2016-4557","hostname":"security-tracker.debian.org","tags":["Advisory"]}],"lineage":{"upstream":[],"downstream":["OPENSUSE-SU-2024:10128-1","USN-2965-1","USN-2965-2","USN-2965-3","USN-2965-4"],"duplicates":[],"related":["OPENSUSE-SU-2024:10128-1","USN-2965-1","USN-2965-2","USN-2965-3","USN-2965-4"]},"timeline":[{"kind":"published","date":"2016-05-23T10:00:00.000Z","label":"Published","detail":"Vulnerability first disclosed.","source":null},{"kind":"modified","date":"2024-08-06T00:32:25.891Z","label":"Last modified","detail":"Vulnerability information updated.","source":null}],"risk":{"score":43,"level":"medium","profile":"Default","thresholds":{"critical":75,"high":50,"medium":25,"low":10}},"meta":{"dataAsOf":"2026-10-19T17:31:14.266Z","stale":false,"partial":false}}