{"schemaVersion":3,"id":"CVE-2023-25656","aliases":["CGA-qqmq-7q2v-mhjj","CGA-wmh9-mghh-j455","GHSA-87x9-7grx-m28v","GO-2023-1589"],"status":"published","duplicateOf":null,"title":"notation-go has excessive memory allocation on verification","description":"notation-go is a collection of libraries for supporting Notation sign, verify, push, and pull of oci artifacts. Prior to version 1.0.0-rc.3, notation-go users will find their application using excessive memory when verifying signatures. The application will be killed, and thus availability is impacted. The problem has been patched in the release v1.0.0-rc.3. Some workarounds are available. Users can review their own trust policy file and check if the identity string contains `=#`. Meanwhile, users should only put trusted certificates in their trust stores referenced by their own trust policy files, and make sure the `authenticity` validation is set to `enforce`.","dates":{"published":"2023-02-20T00:00:00.000Z","modified":"2024-11-27T16:45:09.132Z","reserved":null,"kevAdded":[],"kevDue":[]},"cvss":{"headline":{"score":7.5,"severity":"high","version":"3.1","versionLabel":"v3.1","source":"CVE.org","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H","computed":false,"selection":"backend-summary"},"metrics":[{"version":"3.1","versionLabel":"v3.1","source":"CVE.org","score":7.5,"severity":"high","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H","exploitability":null,"impact":null,"computed":false},{"version":"3.1","versionLabel":"v3.1","source":"OSV · Wolfi","score":7.5,"severity":"high","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H","exploitability":10,"impact":6,"computed":true},{"version":"3.1","versionLabel":"v3.1","source":"OSV · Go","score":7.5,"severity":"high","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H","exploitability":10,"impact":6,"computed":true},{"version":"3.1","versionLabel":"v3.1","source":"NVD","score":7.5,"severity":"high","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H","exploitability":null,"impact":null,"computed":false},{"version":"3.1","versionLabel":"v3.1","source":"OSV · Chainguard","score":7.5,"severity":"high","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H","exploitability":10,"impact":6,"computed":true}]},"epss":{"probability":0.0044,"percentile":0.37188,"severity":"low","asOf":"2026-10-22T00:00:00.000Z","change":{"pp":0,"baselineDate":"2026-09-22T00:00:00.000Z","baselineScore":0.0044},"history":[{"date":"2026-09-14T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-15T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-16T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-17T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-18T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-19T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-20T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-21T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-22T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-23T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-24T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-25T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-26T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-27T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-28T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-29T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-30T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-01T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-02T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-03T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-04T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-05T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-06T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-07T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-08T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-09T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-10T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-11T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-12T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-13T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-14T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-15T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-16T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-17T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-18T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-19T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-20T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-21T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-22T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":0.37188}],"last30":[{"date":"2026-09-22T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-23T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-24T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-25T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-26T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-27T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-28T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-29T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-30T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-01T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-02T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-03T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-04T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-05T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-06T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-07T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-08T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-09T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-10T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-11T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-12T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-13T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-14T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-15T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-16T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-17T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-18T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-19T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-20T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-21T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-22T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.0044,"percentile":0.37188}]},"kev":{"state":"not-listed","entries":[],"listedCount":0,"totalCatalogs":3,"catalogs":[{"source":"cisa","label":"CISA","listed":false,"entry":null},{"source":"enisa","label":"ENISA","listed":false,"entry":null},{"source":"circl","label":"CIRCL","listed":false,"entry":null}]},"ransomware":{"state":"none-recorded","sources":[]},"exploits":[],"exploitCount":0,"weaknesses":[{"id":"CWE-770","name":"Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling","description":"The product allocates a reusable resource or group of resources on behalf of an actor without imposing any intended restrictions on the size or number of resources that can be allocated.","type":"weakness","status":"Incomplete","abstraction":"Base","likelihoodOfExploit":"High","url":"https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/770.html"}],"affected":[{"vendor":"chainguard","product":"zot","name":"zot","label":"zot","ecosystem":"Chainguard","cpePart":null,"purl":"pkg:apk/chainguard/zot","purlType":"apk","versions":[{"text":"< 2.1.2-r7","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null}],"versionsText":"< 2.1.2-r7","eol":null,"hubHref":null},{"vendor":"wolfi","product":"zot","name":"zot","label":"zot","ecosystem":"Wolfi","cpePart":null,"purl":"pkg:apk/wolfi/zot","purlType":"apk","versions":[{"text":"< 2.1.2-r7","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null}],"versionsText":"< 2.1.2-r7","eol":null,"hubHref":null},{"vendor":"github.com/notaryproject","product":"notation-go","name":"github.com/notaryproject/notation-go","label":"notation-go","ecosystem":"Go","cpePart":null,"purl":"pkg:golang/github.com/notaryproject/notation-go","purlType":"golang","versions":[{"text":"< 1.0.0-rc.3","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null}],"versionsText":"< 1.0.0-rc.3","eol":null,"hubHref":null},{"vendor":"notaryproject","product":"notation-go","name":"notation-go","label":"notation-go","ecosystem":null,"cpePart":"a","purl":null,"purlType":null,"versions":[{"text":"≥ 1.0.0-rc.3, < 1.0.0-rc.3","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null},{"text":"0.7.0:alpha1","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null},{"text":"0.8.0:alpha1","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null},{"text":"0.9.0:alpha1","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null}],"versionsText":"≥ 1.0.0-rc.3, < 1.0.0-rc.3 | 0.7.0:alpha1 | 0.8.0:alpha1 | 0.9.0:alpha1","eol":null,"hubHref":"/vendor/notaryproject/notation-go"}],"affectedCount":4,"eol":{"hasEol":false,"count":0},"references":[{"url":"https://github.com/notaryproject/notation-go/releases/tag/v1.0.0-rc.3","label":"github.com/notaryproject/notation-go/releases/tag/v1.0.0-rc.3","hostname":"github.com","tags":["WEB","Release Notes"]},{"url":"https://github.com/notaryproject/notation-go/security/advisories/GHSA-87x9-7grx-m28v","label":"github.com/notaryproject/notation-go/security/advisories/GHSA-87x9-7grx-m28v","hostname":"github.com","tags":["Advisory","WEB","Vendor Advisory"]},{"url":"https://github.com/CVEProject/cvelistV5/tree/main/cves/2023/25xxx/CVE-2023-25656.json","label":"github.com/CVEProject/cvelistV5/tree/main/cves/2023/25xxx/CVE-2023-25656.json","hostname":"github.com","tags":["Advisory"]},{"url":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-25656","label":"nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-25656","hostname":"nvd.nist.gov","tags":["Advisory"]},{"url":"https://github.com/notaryproject/notation-go/pull/275","label":"github.com/notaryproject/notation-go/pull/275","hostname":"github.com","tags":["WEB","FIX"]},{"url":"https://github.com/notaryproject/notation-go","label":"github.com/notaryproject/notation-go","hostname":"github.com","tags":["PACKAGE"]}],"lineage":{"upstream":[],"downstream":[],"duplicates":[],"related":["CGA-CX4P-WVHC-Q6Q3","CGA-GXHC-4FRJ-PVQ5","CGA-JJ7H-3C55-CR89"]},"timeline":[{"kind":"published","date":"2023-02-20T00:00:00.000Z","label":"Published","detail":"Vulnerability first disclosed.","source":null},{"kind":"modified","date":"2024-11-27T16:45:09.132Z","label":"Last modified","detail":"Vulnerability information updated.","source":null}],"risk":{"score":30,"level":"medium","profile":"Default","thresholds":{"critical":75,"high":50,"medium":25,"low":10}},"meta":{"dataAsOf":"2026-10-22T19:20:38.054Z","stale":false,"partial":false}}