{"schemaVersion":3,"id":"CVE-2025-25291","aliases":["UBUNTU-CVE-2025-25291","DEBIAN-CVE-2025-25291","GHSA-4vc4-m8qh-g8jm","BIT-gitlab-2025-25291"],"status":"published","duplicateOf":null,"title":null,"description":"ruby-saml provides security assertion markup language (SAML) single sign-on (SSO) for Ruby. An authentication bypass vulnerability was found in ruby-saml prior to versions 1.12.4 and 1.18.0 due to a parser differential. ReXML and Nokogiri parse XML differently; the parsers can generate entirely different document structures from the same XML input. That allows an attacker to be able to execute a Signature Wrapping attack. This issue may lead to authentication bypass. Versions 1.12.4 and 1.18.0 fix the issue.","dates":{"published":"2025-03-12T20:16:12.181Z","modified":"2025-11-03T19:44:59.719Z","reserved":null,"kevAdded":[],"kevDue":[]},"cvss":{"headline":{"score":9.8,"severity":"critical","version":"3.1","versionLabel":"v3.1","source":"NVD","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","computed":false,"selection":"backend-summary"},"metrics":[{"version":"4.0","versionLabel":"v4.0","source":"CVE.org","score":9.3,"severity":"critical","vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N","exploitability":null,"impact":null,"computed":false},{"version":"4.0","versionLabel":"v4.0","source":"OSV · Ubuntu","score":9.3,"severity":"critical","vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N","exploitability":null,"impact":null,"computed":true},{"version":"3.1","versionLabel":"v3.1","source":"OSV · Ubuntu","score":9.8,"severity":"critical","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","exploitability":10,"impact":9.8,"computed":true},{"version":"3.1","versionLabel":"v3.1","source":"OSV · Debian","score":9.8,"severity":"critical","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","exploitability":10,"impact":9.8,"computed":true},{"version":"4.0","versionLabel":"v4.0","source":"OSV · Rubygems","score":9.3,"severity":"critical","vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N","exploitability":null,"impact":null,"computed":true},{"version":"3.1","versionLabel":"v3.1","source":"OSV · Rubygems","score":9.8,"severity":"critical","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","exploitability":10,"impact":9.8,"computed":true},{"version":"4.0","versionLabel":"v4.0","source":"NVD","score":9.3,"severity":"critical","vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X","exploitability":null,"impact":null,"computed":false},{"version":"3.1","versionLabel":"v3.1","source":"NVD","score":9.8,"severity":"critical","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","exploitability":null,"impact":null,"computed":false}]},"epss":{"probability":0.20965,"percentile":0.97542,"severity":"high","asOf":"2026-10-19T00:00:00.000Z","change":{"pp":0.37900000000000156,"baselineDate":"2026-09-19T00:00:00.000Z","baselineScore":0.20586},"history":[{"date":"2026-09-14T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20586,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-15T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20586,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-16T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20586,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-17T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20586,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-18T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20586,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-19T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20586,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-20T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20586,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-21T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20586,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-22T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20586,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-23T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20586,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-24T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20586,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-25T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20586,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-26T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20586,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-27T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20586,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-28T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20586,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-29T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20586,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-30T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20586,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-01T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20586,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-02T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20586,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-03T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20586,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-04T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20586,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-05T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20965,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-06T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20965,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-07T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20965,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-08T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20965,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-09T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20965,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-10T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20965,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-11T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20965,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-12T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20965,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-13T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20965,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-14T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20965,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-15T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20965,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-16T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20965,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-17T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20965,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-18T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20965,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-19T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20965,"percentile":0.97542}],"last30":[{"date":"2026-09-19T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20586,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-20T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20586,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-21T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20586,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-22T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20586,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-23T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20586,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-24T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20586,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-25T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20586,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-26T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20586,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-27T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20586,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-28T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20586,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-29T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20586,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-30T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20586,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-01T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20586,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-02T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20586,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-03T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20586,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-04T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20586,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-05T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20965,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-06T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20965,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-07T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20965,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-08T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20965,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-09T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20965,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-10T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20965,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-11T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20965,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-12T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20965,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-13T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20965,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-14T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20965,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-15T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20965,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-16T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20965,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-17T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20965,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-18T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20965,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-19T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.20965,"percentile":0.97542}]},"kev":{"state":"not-listed","entries":[],"listedCount":0,"totalCatalogs":3,"catalogs":[{"source":"cisa","label":"CISA","listed":false,"entry":null},{"source":"enisa","label":"ENISA","listed":false,"entry":null},{"source":"circl","label":"CIRCL","listed":false,"entry":null}]},"ransomware":{"state":"none-recorded","sources":[]},"exploits":[{"id":"REF_FADAA92AF1B07EB0","name":"Exploit Reference (github.blog)","source":"reference","url":"https://github.blog/security/sign-in-as-anyone-bypassing-saml-sso-authentication-with-parser-differentials","maturity":"unknown","reliabilityScore":0.2,"verified":false,"type":null,"platforms":[],"requiresAuth":null,"exploitdb":null,"metasploit":null},{"id":"REF_9745F6DD0BA2DF40","name":"Exploit Reference (portswigger.net)","source":"reference","url":"https://portswigger.net/research/saml-roulette-the-hacker-always-wins","maturity":"unknown","reliabilityScore":0.2,"verified":false,"type":null,"platforms":[],"requiresAuth":null,"exploitdb":null,"metasploit":null}],"exploitCount":2,"weaknesses":[{"id":"CWE-347","name":"Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature","description":"The product does not verify, or incorrectly verifies, the cryptographic signature for data.","type":"weakness","status":"Draft","abstraction":"Base","likelihoodOfExploit":null,"url":"https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/347.html"},{"id":"CWE-436","name":"Interpretation Conflict","description":"Product A handles inputs or steps differently than Product B, which causes A to perform incorrect actions based on its perception of B's state.","type":"weakness","status":"Incomplete","abstraction":"Class","likelihoodOfExploit":null,"url":"https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/436.html"}],"affected":[{"vendor":"debian","product":"ruby-saml","name":"ruby-saml","label":"ruby-saml","ecosystem":"Debian","cpePart":null,"purl":"pkg:deb/debian/ruby-saml","purlType":"deb","versions":[{"text":"All versions","noFixRecorded":true,"fixedIn":null}],"versionsText":"All versions (No fix recorded)","eol":null,"hubHref":null},{"vendor":"ubuntu","product":"ruby-saml","name":"ruby-saml","label":"ruby-saml","ecosystem":"Ubuntu","cpePart":null,"purl":"pkg:deb/ubuntu/ruby-saml","purlType":"deb","versions":[{"text":"All versions","noFixRecorded":true,"fixedIn":null},{"text":"< 1.7.2-1ubuntu0.1~esm2","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null},{"text":"< 1.11.0-1ubuntu0.1+esm1","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null},{"text":"< 1.13.0-1ubuntu0.1+esm1","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null},{"text":"< 1.15.0-1ubuntu0.24.04.1+esm1","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null}],"versionsText":"All versions (No fix recorded) | < 1.7.2-1ubuntu0.1~esm2 | < 1.11.0-1ubuntu0.1+esm1 | < 1.13.0-1ubuntu0.1+esm1 | < 1.15.0-1ubuntu0.24.04.1+esm1","eol":null,"hubHref":null},{"vendor":"RubyGems","product":"ruby-saml","name":"ruby-saml","label":"ruby-saml","ecosystem":"RubyGems","cpePart":null,"purl":"pkg:gem/ruby-saml","purlType":"gem","versions":[{"text":"< 1.12.4","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null},{"text":"≥ 1.13.0, < 1.18.0","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null}],"versionsText":"< 1.12.4 | ≥ 1.13.0, < 1.18.0","eol":null,"hubHref":null},{"vendor":"netapp","product":"storagegrid","name":"storagegrid","label":"storagegrid","ecosystem":null,"cpePart":"a","purl":null,"purlType":null,"versions":[{"text":"na","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null}],"versionsText":"na","eol":null,"hubHref":"/vendor/netapp/storagegrid"},{"vendor":"omniauth","product":"omniauth_saml","name":"omniauth saml","label":"omniauth_saml","ecosystem":null,"cpePart":"a","purl":null,"purlType":null,"versions":[{"text":"< 1.10.6","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null},{"text":"≥ 2.0.0, < 2.1.3","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null},{"text":"≥ 2.2.0, < 2.2.3","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null}],"versionsText":"< 1.10.6 | ≥ 2.0.0, < 2.1.3 | ≥ 2.2.0, < 2.2.3","eol":null,"hubHref":"/vendor/omniauth/omniauth_saml"},{"vendor":"onelogin","product":"ruby-saml","name":"ruby-saml","label":"ruby-saml","ecosystem":null,"cpePart":"a","purl":null,"purlType":null,"versions":[{"text":"< 1.12.4","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null},{"text":"≥ 1.13.0, < 1.18.0","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null}],"versionsText":"< 1.12.4 | ≥ 1.13.0, < 1.18.0","eol":null,"hubHref":"/vendor/onelogin/ruby-saml"},{"vendor":"saml-toolkits","product":"ruby-saml","name":"ruby-saml","label":"ruby-saml","ecosystem":null,"cpePart":"a","purl":null,"purlType":null,"versions":[{"text":"< 1.12.4","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null},{"text":"≥ 1.13.0, < 1.18.0","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null}],"versionsText":"< 1.12.4 | ≥ 1.13.0, < 1.18.0","eol":null,"hubHref":"/vendor/saml-toolkits/ruby-saml"}],"affectedCount":7,"eol":{"hasEol":false,"count":0},"references":[{"url":"https://github.com/SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml/security/advisories/GHSA-4vc4-m8qh-g8jm","label":"github.com/SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml/security/advisories/GHSA-4vc4-m8qh-g8jm","hostname":"github.com","tags":["X Refsource CONFIRM","REPORT","WEB","Vendor Advisory"]},{"url":"https://github.com/omniauth/omniauth-saml/security/advisories/GHSA-hw46-3hmr-x9xv","label":"github.com/omniauth/omniauth-saml/security/advisories/GHSA-hw46-3hmr-x9xv","hostname":"github.com","tags":["X Refsource MISC","REPORT","WEB","Vendor Advisory"]},{"url":"https://github.com/SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml/commit/e76c5b36bac40aedbf1ba7ffaaf495be63328cd9","label":"github.com/SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml/commit/e76c5b36bac40aedbf1ba7ffaaf495be63328cd9","hostname":"github.com","tags":["X Refsource MISC","REPORT","WEB","Patch"]},{"url":"https://github.com/SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml/commit/e9c1cdbd0f9afa467b585de279db0cbd0fb8ae97","label":"github.com/SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml/commit/e9c1cdbd0f9afa467b585de279db0cbd0fb8ae97","hostname":"github.com","tags":["X Refsource MISC","REPORT","WEB","Patch"]},{"url":"https://about.gitlab.com/releases/2025/03/12/patch-release-gitlab-17-9-2-released","label":"about.gitlab.com/releases/2025/03/12/patch-release-gitlab-17-9-2-released","hostname":"about.gitlab.com","tags":["X Refsource MISC","REPORT","WEB","Patch"]},{"url":"https://github.blog/security/sign-in-as-anyone-bypassing-saml-sso-authentication-with-parser-differentials","label":"github.blog/security/sign-in-as-anyone-bypassing-saml-sso-authentication-with-parser-differentials","hostname":"github.blog","tags":["X Refsource MISC","REPORT","WEB","Exploit","Third Party Advisory"]},{"url":"https://github.com/SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml/releases/tag/v1.12.4","label":"github.com/SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml/releases/tag/v1.12.4","hostname":"github.com","tags":["X Refsource MISC","REPORT","WEB","Release Notes"]},{"url":"https://github.com/SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml/releases/tag/v1.18.0","label":"github.com/SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml/releases/tag/v1.18.0","hostname":"github.com","tags":["X Refsource MISC","REPORT","WEB","Release Notes"]},{"url":"https://portswigger.net/research/saml-roulette-the-hacker-always-wins","label":"portswigger.net/research/saml-roulette-the-hacker-always-wins","hostname":"portswigger.net","tags":["X Refsource MISC","WEB","Exploit","Third Party Advisory"]},{"url":"https://securitylab.github.com/advisories/GHSL-2024-329_GHSL-2024-330_ruby-saml","label":"securitylab.github.com/advisories/GHSL-2024-329_GHSL-2024-330_ruby-saml","hostname":"securitylab.github.com","tags":["X Refsource MISC","Advisory","Third Party Advisory"]},{"url":"https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20250314-0010/","label":"security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20250314-0010/","hostname":"security.netapp.com","tags":["Third Party Advisory"]},{"url":"https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43374519","label":"news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43374519","hostname":"news.ycombinator.com","tags":["WEB","Issue Tracking"]},{"url":"https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/04/msg00011.html","label":"lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/04/msg00011.html","hostname":"lists.debian.org","tags":["WEB"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2025-25291","label":"ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2025-25291","hostname":"ubuntu.com","tags":["REPORT"]},{"url":"https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-25291","label":"www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-25291","hostname":"www.cve.org","tags":["REPORT"]},{"url":"https://ubuntu.com/security/notices/USN-7409-1","label":"ubuntu.com/security/notices/USN-7409-1","hostname":"ubuntu.com","tags":["Advisory"]},{"url":"https://security-tracker.debian.org/tracker/CVE-2025-25291","label":"security-tracker.debian.org/tracker/CVE-2025-25291","hostname":"security-tracker.debian.org","tags":["Advisory"]},{"url":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-25291","label":"nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-25291","hostname":"nvd.nist.gov","tags":["Advisory"]},{"url":"https://github.com/SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml","label":"github.com/SAML-Toolkits/ruby-saml","hostname":"github.com","tags":["PACKAGE"]},{"url":"https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/ruby-saml/CVE-2025-25291.yml","label":"github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/ruby-saml/CVE-2025-25291.yml","hostname":"github.com","tags":["WEB"]},{"url":"https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20250314-0010","label":"security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20250314-0010","hostname":"security.netapp.com","tags":["WEB"]}],"lineage":{"upstream":[],"downstream":["DLA-4115-1","USN-7409-1"],"duplicates":[],"related":["GHSA-HW46-3HMR-X9XV","USN-7409-1"]},"timeline":[{"kind":"published","date":"2025-03-12T20:16:12.181Z","label":"Published","detail":"Vulnerability first disclosed.","source":null},{"kind":"modified","date":"2025-11-03T19:44:59.719Z","label":"Last modified","detail":"Vulnerability information updated.","source":null}],"risk":{"score":70,"level":"high","profile":"Default","thresholds":{"critical":75,"high":50,"medium":25,"low":10}},"meta":{"dataAsOf":"2026-10-19T18:50:46.322Z","stale":false,"partial":false}}