{"schemaVersion":3,"id":"CVE-2025-4231","aliases":[],"status":"published","duplicateOf":null,"title":null,"description":"A command injection vulnerability in Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS® enables an authenticated administrative user to perform actions as the root user.\n\nThe attacker must have network access to the management web interface and successfully authenticate to exploit this issue.\n\nCloud NGFW and Prisma Access are not impacted by this vulnerability.","dates":{"published":"2025-06-12T23:27:31.432Z","modified":"2026-02-26T17:50:39.522Z","reserved":null,"kevAdded":[],"kevDue":[]},"cvss":{"headline":{"score":8.6,"severity":"high","version":"4.0","versionLabel":"v4.0","source":"CVE.org","vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:L/SI:N/SA:N/AU:N/R:U/V:C/RE:M/U:Amber","computed":false,"selection":"backend-summary"},"metrics":[{"version":"4.0","versionLabel":"v4.0","source":"CVE.org","score":8.6,"severity":"high","vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:L/SI:N/SA:N/AU:N/R:U/V:C/RE:M/U:Amber","exploitability":null,"impact":null,"computed":false},{"version":"4.0","versionLabel":"v4.0","source":"NVD","score":8.6,"severity":"high","vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:L/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:N/R:U/V:C/RE:M/U:Amber","exploitability":null,"impact":null,"computed":false},{"version":"3.1","versionLabel":"v3.1","source":"NVD","score":7.2,"severity":"high","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","exploitability":null,"impact":null,"computed":false}]},"epss":{"probability":0.00967,"percentile":0.61374,"severity":"low","asOf":"2026-10-22T00:00:00.000Z","change":{"pp":-0.008000000000000021,"baselineDate":"2026-09-22T00:00:00.000Z","baselineScore":0.00975},"history":[{"date":"2026-09-14T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-15T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-16T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-17T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-18T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-19T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-20T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-21T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-22T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-23T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-24T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-25T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-26T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-27T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-28T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-29T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-30T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-01T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-02T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-03T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-04T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-05T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-06T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-07T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-08T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-09T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-10T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-11T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-12T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-13T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-14T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00967,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-15T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00967,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-16T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00967,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-17T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00967,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-18T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00967,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-19T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00967,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-20T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00967,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-21T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00967,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-22T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00967,"percentile":0.61374}],"last30":[{"date":"2026-09-22T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-23T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-24T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-25T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-26T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-27T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-28T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-29T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-30T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-01T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-02T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-03T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-04T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-05T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-06T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-07T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-08T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-09T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-10T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-11T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-12T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-13T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00975,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-14T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00967,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-15T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00967,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-16T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00967,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-17T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00967,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-18T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00967,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-19T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00967,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-20T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00967,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-21T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00967,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-22T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00967,"percentile":0.61374}]},"kev":{"state":"not-listed","entries":[],"listedCount":0,"totalCatalogs":3,"catalogs":[{"source":"cisa","label":"CISA","listed":false,"entry":null},{"source":"enisa","label":"ENISA","listed":false,"entry":null},{"source":"circl","label":"CIRCL","listed":false,"entry":null}]},"ransomware":{"state":"none-recorded","sources":[]},"exploits":[],"exploitCount":0,"weaknesses":[{"id":"CWE-77","name":"Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')","description":"The product constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.","type":"weakness","status":"Draft","abstraction":"Class","likelihoodOfExploit":"High","url":"https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/77.html"}],"affected":[{"vendor":"palo alto networks","product":"pan-os","name":"PAN-OS","label":"pan-os","ecosystem":null,"cpePart":"a","purl":null,"purlType":null,"versions":[{"text":"≥ 11.0.0, < 11.0.3","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null},{"text":"≥ 10.2.0, < 10.2.8","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null},{"text":"10.1.0","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null}],"versionsText":"≥ 11.0.0, < 11.0.3 | ≥ 10.2.0, < 10.2.8 | 10.1.0","eol":{"isEol":true,"eolDate":"2024-12-01T00:00:00.000Z","matchMethod":"alias_exact","cycle":{"name":"10.1","label":"10.1","eolFrom":"2024-12-01T00:00:00.000Z","isLts":false,"isMaintained":false,"latestVersion":"10.1.14-h20"},"product":{"name":"panos","label":"Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS","category":"os"}},"hubHref":"/vendor/palo_alto_networks/pan-os"},{"vendor":"paloaltonetworks","product":"pan-os","name":"pan-os","label":"pan-os","ecosystem":null,"cpePart":"o","purl":null,"purlType":null,"versions":[{"text":"≥ 10.2.0, < 10.2.8","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null},{"text":"≥ 11.0.0, < 11.0.3","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null}],"versionsText":"≥ 10.2.0, < 10.2.8 | ≥ 11.0.0, < 11.0.3","eol":{"isEol":null,"eolDate":null,"matchMethod":"alias_exact","cycle":null,"product":{"name":"panos","label":"Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS","category":"os"}},"hubHref":"/vendor/paloaltonetworks/pan-os"}],"affectedCount":2,"eol":{"hasEol":true,"count":1},"references":[{"url":"https://security.paloaltonetworks.com/CVE-2025-4231","label":"security.paloaltonetworks.com/CVE-2025-4231","hostname":"security.paloaltonetworks.com","tags":["Vendor Advisory"]}],"lineage":{"upstream":[],"downstream":[],"duplicates":[],"related":[]},"timeline":[{"kind":"published","date":"2025-06-12T23:27:31.432Z","label":"Published","detail":"Vulnerability first disclosed.","source":null},{"kind":"modified","date":"2026-02-26T17:50:39.522Z","label":"Last modified","detail":"Vulnerability information updated.","source":null}],"risk":{"score":35,"level":"medium","profile":"Default","thresholds":{"critical":75,"high":50,"medium":25,"low":10}},"meta":{"dataAsOf":"2026-10-22T15:18:48.367Z","stale":false,"partial":false}}