{"schemaVersion":3,"id":"CVE-2026-91006","aliases":[],"status":"published","duplicateOf":null,"title":null,"description":"Apache Karaf's instance-management service (InstanceServiceImpl) builds the command line used to launch a child Karaf JVM by string concatenation, then executes it through /bin/sh (Unix) or cscript (Windows). The caller-supplied javaOpts value is spliced into that string unquoted. A javaOpts value containing shell metacharacters (;, |, `, $(...)) is interpreted by the shell instead of being passed to the JVM as an option, giving arbitrary OS command execution as the Karaf process user.\n\n\nReachable via the shell commands instance:create, instance:start, instance:restart, instance:change-opts, and the equivalent InstanceMBean JMX operations (createInstance, startInstance, changeJavaOpts, cloneInstance).\n\nMitigation   *  Set karaf.secured.command.compulsory.roles=admin in etc/system.properties to close the fail-open gap for all unconfigured command scopes.\n  *  Restrict which principals can reach instance:* commands and InstancesMBean via etc/users.properties role assignments.\n  *  Treat javaOpts passed to instance:create/instance:start/instance:change-opts/InstancesMBean as untrusted input only from fully-trusted operators.","dates":{"published":"2026-09-28T10:44:32.652Z","modified":"2026-09-29T21:03:21.368Z","reserved":null,"kevAdded":[],"kevDue":[]},"cvss":{"headline":{"score":8.8,"severity":"high","version":"3.1","versionLabel":"v3.1","source":"CVE.org","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","computed":false,"selection":"backend-summary"},"metrics":[{"version":"3.1","versionLabel":"v3.1","source":"CVE.org","score":8.8,"severity":"high","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","exploitability":null,"impact":null,"computed":false},{"version":"3.1","versionLabel":"v3.1","source":"NVD","score":8.8,"severity":"high","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","exploitability":null,"impact":null,"computed":false}]},"epss":{"probability":0.01135,"percentile":0.65952,"severity":"low","asOf":"2026-10-18T00:00:00.000Z","change":{"pp":null,"baselineDate":null,"baselineScore":null},"history":[{"date":"2026-09-29T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00401,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-30T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.009,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-01T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.009,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-02T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.009,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-03T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.009,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-04T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.009,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-05T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.009,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-06T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.009,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-07T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.009,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-08T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.009,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-09T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.01135,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-10T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.01135,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-11T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.01135,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-12T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.01135,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-13T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.01135,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-14T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.01135,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-15T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.01135,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-16T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.01135,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-17T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.01135,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-18T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.01135,"percentile":0.65952}],"last30":[{"date":"2026-09-29T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.00401,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-09-30T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.009,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-01T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.009,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-02T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.009,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-03T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.009,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-04T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.009,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-05T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.009,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-06T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.009,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-07T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.009,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-08T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.009,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-09T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.01135,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-10T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.01135,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-11T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.01135,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-12T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.01135,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-13T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.01135,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-14T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.01135,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-15T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.01135,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-16T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.01135,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-17T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.01135,"percentile":null},{"date":"2026-10-18T00:00:00.000Z","score":0.01135,"percentile":0.65952}]},"kev":{"state":"not-listed","entries":[],"listedCount":0,"totalCatalogs":3,"catalogs":[{"source":"cisa","label":"CISA","listed":false,"entry":null},{"source":"enisa","label":"ENISA","listed":false,"entry":null},{"source":"circl","label":"CIRCL","listed":false,"entry":null}]},"ransomware":{"state":"none-recorded","sources":[]},"exploits":[],"exploitCount":0,"weaknesses":[{"id":"CWE-78","name":"Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')","description":"The product constructs all or part of an OS command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended OS command when it is sent to a downstream component.","type":"weakness","status":"Stable","abstraction":"Base","likelihoodOfExploit":"High","url":"https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/78.html"}],"affected":[{"vendor":"apache software foundation","product":"apache karaf","name":"Apache Karaf","label":"apache karaf","ecosystem":null,"cpePart":"a","purl":null,"purlType":null,"versions":[{"text":"< 4.4.12","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null}],"versionsText":"< 4.4.12","eol":null,"hubHref":"/vendor/apache_software_foundation/apache_karaf"},{"vendor":"apache","product":"karaf","name":"karaf","label":"karaf","ecosystem":null,"cpePart":"a","purl":null,"purlType":null,"versions":[{"text":"< 4.4.12","noFixRecorded":false,"fixedIn":null}],"versionsText":"< 4.4.12","eol":null,"hubHref":"/vendor/apache/karaf"}],"affectedCount":2,"eol":{"hasEol":false,"count":0},"references":[{"url":"https://lists.apache.org/thread/olzy0yjw82b20w59vonfjr1x7v5yzocr","label":"lists.apache.org/thread/olzy0yjw82b20w59vonfjr1x7v5yzocr","hostname":"lists.apache.org","tags":["Vendor Advisory","Mailing List"]},{"url":"http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/09/28/3","label":"www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/09/28/3","hostname":"www.openwall.com","tags":["Mailing List","Third Party Advisory"]}],"lineage":{"upstream":[],"downstream":[],"duplicates":[],"related":[]},"timeline":[{"kind":"published","date":"2026-09-28T10:44:32.652Z","label":"Published","detail":"Vulnerability first disclosed.","source":null},{"kind":"modified","date":"2026-09-29T21:03:21.368Z","label":"Last modified","detail":"Vulnerability information updated.","source":null}],"risk":{"score":35,"level":"medium","profile":"Default","thresholds":{"critical":75,"high":50,"medium":25,"low":10}},"meta":{"dataAsOf":"2026-10-19T13:29:40.756Z","stale":false,"partial":false}}